Conflict is tragically common, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This column reviews the rapidly growing literature linking changes in climate to various types of human conflict and finds that climate change is projected to cause an increase in numerous forms of violent human behaviour. Policies like a robust social safety net and political inclusion […]
Euro area economic performance has been subdued since around 2018. This column outlines how this subdued performance underscores the multifaceted challenges of energy dependency, manufacturing vulnerabilities, and shifting global trade dynamics. Manufacturing has struggled amidst rising energy prices, which intensified export declines in high natural gas-intensive sectors. Shifting trade dynamics with China – characterised by […]
At the 2023 UN Climate Change Conference, goals were set to transition away from fossil fuels, triple renewable capacity, and double energy efficiency improvements by 2030, requiring a substantial increase in clean energy investments among emerging market and developing economies. Against the backdrop of tight fiscal space and relatively high financing costs, foreign direct investment […]