Artificial intelligence differs from other technological advancements in finance, such as the initial adoption of computers and automatic trading systems. As Norvig and Russell (2021)
Industrial raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, and rare earths are critical inputs in countless production processes, including renewable energy, lithium batteries, and permanent magnets.
As European governments scale up investment, bond market stability is more critical than ever. This column shows that financial fragmentation can undermine that stability by