Debates over minimum wages have intensified in recent years (Roth et al. 2022) as policymakers seek tools to reduce inequality without harming employment. Much of
Accurately assessing inflation pressures remains a central challenge for monetary policy. Inflation movements arise from heterogeneous forces operating at different cycles: transitory shocks at high
Effective tariff index comparisons are spotlighted in media reports on trade wars and trade talks. This column argues that the effective tariff index is inadequate
The European Central Bank’s work on a digital euro has increasingly been framed as a matter of monetary sovereignty. In recent submissions to the European
Across the OECD, general government gross financial liabilities reached 111% of GDP at the end of 2024, almost 40 percentage points higher than in 2007,
Recently, uncertainty has been elevated due to trade tariff disputes, economic policy changes, and geopolitical risks. In the last few quarters, various global and local sources
The financial crisis of 2008 underlined that the equity capital requirement for banks is a policy setting of fundamental importance. On 2 December 2025, the
Artificial intelligence is spreading quickly among European firms. Using new surveys from Germany, Italy, and Spain, this column shows that adoption rates of generative AI