Budgetary planning in the euro area involves a codified interaction between national governments and the European Commission where economic and…
Understanding how foreign shocks affect economies has become a policy priority. Using domestic firm-to-firm transaction data matched with customs records,…
As the US and EU push forward with drug-pricing reforms, the topic has moved to the centre of political debate.…
Green debt has become a defining feature of sustainable finance, as firms and investors seek to align capital with climate…
Euro area insurers are among the largest institutional investors in the financial system. Managing several trillion euros in assets, their…
The global minimum tax represents the most ambitious international effort in decades to curb profit shifting to tax havens. But…
While globalisation has increased productivity and incomes around the world, extensively linked value chains have introduced new vulnerabilities (Baldwin et…
Textbook monetary economics views inflation as fundamentally driven by aggregate shocks, such as money supply or policy rates. This column…
Artificial intelligence differs from other technological advancements in finance, such as the initial adoption of computers and automatic trading systems.…
Industrial raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, and rare earths are critical inputs in countless production processes, including renewable energy,…