The European Central Bank’s work on a digital euro has increasingly been framed as a matter of monetary sovereignty. In recent submissions to the European
Across the OECD, general government gross financial liabilities reached 111% of GDP at the end of 2024, almost 40 percentage points higher than in 2007,
Recently, uncertainty has been elevated due to trade tariff disputes, economic policy changes, and geopolitical risks. In the last few quarters, various global and local sources
The financial crisis of 2008 underlined that the equity capital requirement for banks is a policy setting of fundamental importance. On 2 December 2025, the
Artificial intelligence is spreading quickly among European firms. Using new surveys from Germany, Italy, and Spain, this column shows that adoption rates of generative AI
Much of what we know about geopolitical risk is filtered through a narrow informational lens of global English-language media. This column constructs a geopolitical risk