Until 2018, the US-China trade data gap was in line with the discrepancies found in the bilateral trade data of…
Europe must urgently strengthen its defence capabilities to secure strategic autonomy. The absence of such capacity leaves the continent vulnerable…
Dismissals are costly for firms to implement and have lasting consequences for workers. Two defining features of individual dismissals are…
Since Poland’s pioneering issuance in 2016, more than 30 governments and many government agencies have issued debt instruments labelled as…
The US has long been the world’s innovation powerhouse. From semiconductors to the internet, from biotechnology to artificial intelligence, America’s…
The rapid development of increasingly powerful AI tools has the potential to reshape business models, market structures, consumer behaviour, and…
When central banks raise or lower policy rates, banks typically pass these changes through only incompletely to the interest rates…
COP30 in Belém has made one thing unmistakably clear: environmental sustainability can no longer be siloed from global trade. The…
The 2024 reform of the European Union’s fiscal framework promises long-term sustainability through greater national ownership and country-specific medium-term expenditure…
A single estimate from a research paper – the 45% tariff equivalent of intra-EU border costs – has improbably risen…