EU member states are facing an important multi-year period of increased defence spending. 1 To boost defence capability, NATO allies have committed to a significant increase
Macroeconomic forecasters have long struggled to accurately pinpoint the timing of future recessions. In response, an alternative approach using probabilistic models has gained traction. However,
Governments often provide capital and other direct funding to banks and nonfinancial firms during economic crises. Government recapitalisation of banks was used in most of
The European Commission’s Autumn 2025 forecast points to a subdued but positive growth outlook for all euro area member states over 2025 to 2027, supported
Emerging markets have long been highly exposed to swings in global risk sentiment. During periods of heightened risk aversion – so-called ‘risk-off’ episodes (Caballero and
Many economies index their minimum wage to inflation to preserve its real value during inflationary periods. This column shows, however, that the timing and predictability
Concerns about declining student achievements have become central in education debates, with teacher quality drawing attention as a key driver. This column examines how wages
The EU aims to finance common priorities in defence, energy transition, and digital infrastructure with supranational EU bonds. This column argues that the current exclusion