Textbook monetary economics views inflation as fundamentally driven by aggregate shocks, such as money supply or policy rates. This column…
Artificial intelligence differs from other technological advancements in finance, such as the initial adoption of computers and automatic trading systems.…
Industrial raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, and rare earths are critical inputs in countless production processes, including renewable energy,…
As European governments scale up investment, bond market stability is more critical than ever. This column shows that financial fragmentation…
Economists have long warned of the negative consequences of excessive US public debt (e.g. Friedman 1988). Yet the US government’s…
Financial distress affects roughly one in five adults in OECD countries (OECD 2024). It constrains access to credit, impairs labour…
Until 2018, the US-China trade data gap was in line with the discrepancies found in the bilateral trade data of…
Europe must urgently strengthen its defence capabilities to secure strategic autonomy. The absence of such capacity leaves the continent vulnerable…
Dismissals are costly for firms to implement and have lasting consequences for workers. Two defining features of individual dismissals are…
Since Poland’s pioneering issuance in 2016, more than 30 governments and many government agencies have issued debt instruments labelled as…