Globally declining birth rates have, over the last seven decades, slowed population growth and raised average ages. This column argues that despite widespread economic pessimism,
Quantitative easing (QE) has been a pivotal monetary policy tool during periods when short-term interest rates are pinned at the effective lower bound, notably after
Artificial intelligence is already reshaping the economy and society. This column analyses how AI affects firms, markets, and workers using 380 trillion tokens of realised
Poverty is not a static condition but a dynamic process, and measuring it as such reveals challenges that annual snapshots cannot capture (Giarda and Moroni
The rapid digitalisation of banking and the widespread use of social media are transforming competition for retail deposits. Using US branch-level data, this column shows
Governments around the world increasingly rely on capital taxation to raise revenue and reduce inequality. Temporary tax holidays on dividends, repatriated profits, or accumulated earnings
Debt sustainability analysis typically focuses on debt stocks and the interest rate-growth rate differential, but these are not perfect predictors of fiscal stress. This column
Despite major institutional reforms, the European Banking Union remains incomplete. Banking markets remain fragmented along national lines, which constrains Europe’s growth potential. This column uses
As digital, environmental, and demographic transformations reshape labour markets, skills influence who benefits from these changes and who falls behind. Lifelong learning therefore becomes a
European banking remains fragmented, leaving billions of euros inefficiently allocated. Reforms to establish a European deposit insurance system have been proposed to allow cross-border banking