The long‑running debate on the income–democracy nexus contrasts two opposing views on the direction of causality. According to the modernisation view (Lipset 1959), higher levels of economic
The debate about the economic consequences of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has focused on supply-side concerns such as soaring energy prices and severed supply chains.
The era of ‘hyperglobalisation’ that defined world trade in the early 21st century has given way to a more fractured trade policy landscape (Gros 2017),
Banks have long relied upon cutting-edge technologies to deliver products and improve efficiency, but there is limited evidence on the impact of fast internet on
It is well established that individuals with higher socioeconomic status (SES) live longer than those with lower SES, and that these gaps have widened in
Debates over minimum wages have intensified in recent years (Roth et al. 2022) as policymakers seek tools to reduce inequality without harming employment. Much of
Accurately assessing inflation pressures remains a central challenge for monetary policy. Inflation movements arise from heterogeneous forces operating at different cycles: transitory shocks at high
Effective tariff index comparisons are spotlighted in media reports on trade wars and trade talks. This column argues that the effective tariff index is inadequate
The European Central Bank’s work on a digital euro has increasingly been framed as a matter of monetary sovereignty. In recent submissions to the European
Across the OECD, general government gross financial liabilities reached 111% of GDP at the end of 2024, almost 40 percentage points higher than in 2007,
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